Replication materials for Expanding the State
Christopher L. Carter & Madai Urteaga Quispe

All analyses performed with R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14 ucrt)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 22631) 

Required R packages: 
kableExtra_1.4.0   broom_1.0.7        tibble_3.2.1 
lubridate_1.9.3    stringr_1.5.1      tidyverse_2.0.0    
purrr_1.0.2        texreg_1.39.3      stats_4.4.0                 
modelsummary_2.3.0 readxl_1.4.3       stargazer_5.2.3   
data.table_1.16.4  xtable_1.8-4       ggplot2_3.5.1     
extrafont_0.19     estimatr_1.0.4     dplyr_1.1.4 
pacman_0.5.1       grid_4.4.0         ggpubr_0.6.0      
rstudioapi_0.16.0  mice_3.16.0        car_3.1.2           
haven_2.5.4        stringi_1.8.3      vtable_1.4.6

Operating system: Windows 16gb RAM
Time to run each code file: <1 minutes


The replication file contains: 

"analysis": Code needed to replicate all tables and figures
"cleaning": Code needed to clean raw data (automatically runs in analysis file)
"figures": All figures included in paper and supplementary materials
"tables": All tables included in paper and supplementary materials
##########################
In "data"

1) Bureaucratic offices by year ("bureaucratic_offices_by_year.csv")

Variables
year: Year observed (min 1962, max 1967)
off: Number of offices	
type: Type of office (SIPA or CP)

Sources:
Belaúnde Terry, F. (1967). El Peru construye: mensaje presentado al Congreso Nacional
por el presidente constitucional de la república, arquitecto Fernando Belaunde Terry,
el 28 de julio de 1967. Editorial Minerva, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1962). Memoria del Servicio de Investigación y Promoción
Agraria Año 1962. Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1963). Memoria del Servicio de Investigación y Promoción
Agraria Año 1963. Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1964). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1964.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima. 
Ministerio de Agricultura (1965). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1965.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1966). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1966.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.

2) Types of works completed in CP in 1965-1966 ("cp_works_1966.csv")

Variables
work: Type of work under CP (roads, irrigation, construction, sanitation, electricity)
percent: Proportion of works that fall into each category of "work" (min 0.0033, max 0.7823)

Source: 
Belaúnde Terry, F. (1966). El Peru Construye: Mensaje Presentado al Congreso Nacional
por el Presidente Constitucional de la República Arquitecto Fernando Belaúnde Terry,
el 28 de Julio de 1966. Editorial Minerva, Lima.


3) District-level dataset of movements, offices, and control variables ("ets_final.csv")

Variables

dept: Department	
prov: Province
dist: District/municipality
ubigeo: Geogrpahic code used by government to identify districts
haciendas: Number of haciendas recorded in 1940 (mean 8.8)
rural population on haciendas: Number of people in rural areas who live on haciendas in 1940 (mean 592.6)
mov_1956_1962: Number of movements between 1956 and 1962 (mean 0.234)
movement_1962: Binary indicator of a movement in 1962 (mean 0.052)
movement_1963: Binary indicator of a movement in 1963 (mean 0.092)
movement_1964: Binary indicator of a movement in 1964 (mean 0.042)
central_cp_67: Binary indicator of having a CP office in 1967 (mean 0.034)
central_cp_83: Binary indicator of having a CP office in 1983 (mean 0.061)
sipa_1962: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1962 (mean 0.063)
sipa_1963: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1963 (mean 0.063)
sipa_1964: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1964 (mean 0.083)
sipa_1965: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1965 (mean 0.089)
sipa_1966: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1966 (mean 0.090)
sipa_1967: Binary indicator of having a SIPA office in 1967 (mean 0.099)
lemployees1961: Employees at the district level (logged) (mean 2.857)
elev_1k: Altitude (in 1000s of meters) (mean 2.718)
landredist_pc: Per capita land redistribution (mean 0.141)
total_pop_61: Total population in 1961 (mean 6680.736)
urban_61: Urban population in 1961 (mean 3174.798)
primaria_alumnos_62: Number of primary school students in 1962 (mean 846.686)
primaria_maestros_62: Number of primary school teachers in 1962 (mean 28.799)
primaria_escuelas_62: Number of primary schools in 1962 (mean 9.578)
rural_perc_61: Percentage of rural population in 1961 (mean 0.658)
roads_1964: Road infrastructure in 1964 (binary) (mean 0.618)
north_region: Binary indicator for district in northern region (mean 0.257)
centro_region: Binary indicator for district in central region (mean 0.304)
sur_region: Binary indicator for district in southern region (mean 0.316)
oriente_region: Binary indicator for district in eastern (Amazon) region (mean 0.121)
dummy_rebel: Dummy = 1 if district experienced rebel activity (mean 0.327)
dummy_contested: Dummy = 1 if district was contested by multiple groups (mean 0.458)
ap_place: Place secured by AP in 1963 municipal elections (1 is winner, 2 is second place, etc; mean 1.499) 
apra_place: Place secured by APRA in 1963 municipal elections (1 is winner, 2 is second place, etc; mean 1.589)

Sources: 
Belaunde Terry, F. (1967). El Perú construye: mensaje presentado al Congreso 
Nacional por el presidente constitucional de la república, arquitecto Fernando Belaunde 
Terry, el 28 de julio de 1967. Editorial Minerva, Lima.
Belaunde Terry, F. (1983). Perú 1983: mensaje anual al Congreso del Presidente de la República, 
Arquitecto Fernando Belaunde Terry. Presidencia de la República, Lima, Perú.
Guzmán, V. and Vargas, V. (1981). Cronología de los movimientos campesinos, 1956-
1964. Investigación, Documentación, Educación, Asesoría, Servicios, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1962). Memoria del Servicio de Investigación y Promoción
Agraria Año 1962. Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1963). Memoria del Servicio de Investigación y Promoción
Agraria Año 1963. Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1964). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1964.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima. 
Ministerio de Agricultura (1965). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1965.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
Ministerio de Agricultura (1966). Memoria Anual del SIPA y Balance General 1966.
Oficina Nacional de Reforma y Promoción Agraria, Lima.
De la Calle, L. (2017). Compliance vs. constraints: A theory of rebel targeting in civil
war. Journal of Peace Research, 54(3):427–441.
Comisión Ejecutiva Interministerial de Cooperación Popular (1964). Datos distritales
para fines de desarrollo. Perú, Lima.
Albertus, M. (2020). Land Reform and Civil Conflict: Theory and Evidence from Peru.
American Journal of Political Science, 64(2):256–274.
Jurado Nacional de Elecciones (2017). Infogob: Resultados de elecciones municipales
1963.

4) Movements dataset ("movements.csv")

Variables
dept: Department	
prov: Province
dist_primary: District/municipality where movement mostly occurred (if cross-district)
strat_legal: Binary indicator for whether the movement employed a legal strategy (mean 0.369)
strat_strike: Binary indicator for whether the movement employed a strike (mean 0.128)
strat_invasion: Binary indicator for whether the movement involved a land invasion (mean 0.272)
strat_protest: Binary indicator for whether the movement used protest or demonstration tactics (mean 0.045)
strat_meeting: Binary indicator for whether the movement organized meetings or assemblies (mean 0.065)
strat_violence: Binary indicator for whether the movement employed violence or coercion (mean 0.153)
strat_Lima: Binary indicator for whether the movement involved activity or coordination in Lima (mean 0.014)

Sources:
Guzmán, V. and Vargas, V. (1981). Cronología de los movimientos campesinos, 1956-
1964. Investigación, Documentación, Educación, Asesoría, Servicios, Lima.

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Reproducing Figure A1 requires analysis.R and cp_works_1966.csv
Reproducing Figures 2 and A2 requires analysis. R and movements.csv
Reproducing Figure 3 requires analysis.R and bureaucratic_offices_by_year.csv
Reproducing all other Tables and Figures requires analysis.R, cleaning.R, and ets_final.csv
